Transportation Management Essay Example for Free

Transportation Management EssayTransportation plays a vital role in the subdivision of transport. Transportation includes thoroughfare, railroad lines, aviation, shipping etc. The mission of shipping is to safely cover the distance between the two destinations. The board known as the Transportation look for Board carries out these carry-over objectives.This type of board mission is to create an innovation and to develop the growth of the transportation. The mission objective is to improve the steps that ar earlier carried out by the transportation department. Modification should be the strategy among the board management. The change should be followed by the application or execution of the new-fashioned progress made by other countries in the means of transportation. The boards work is to share the rules or implications to the management authority. The management authority should split the information to the persons appoint to do the work. The practitioners should practi ce it and the researchers should implement it with proper management skills.Different countries cause separate rules and regulation according to which different countries work out there dust and law of nature according to their plans. But the main theme of the transportation should safe, comfortable and no pestering occurs during transportation. For example it should be seen that the aviation transportation department should have the proper following rules for a free access of the transportation. Not only the air traffic should be well organized but also the customers run are also be managed by the management board.The ticketing dust should have extra precaution arrangement as soon as the customers are acquire a ticket. Flight fares with proper reservation of the seats should well clarify before purchasing it. Services to the customers on board should be well give to the professionals who are related to the hospitality Industry. Airport authority management should be well org anized in the planes arrival and departure. Organization teams should be well expert before they are put into practice. The board of aviation should chalk out there plans of the whole schemas before operating it. (Trb, 2006)The American and European are normally initiated, financed and well constructed by the private enterprise. They are well maintained and sound controlled. The government has hand overd a lot of fund and opportunity to the private organization so that the citizen do not face puzzle in transportation.The private organization has taken the transport system quiet acutely and they had implemented the transport system in a well-organized manner. They normally solve the problem as quickly as possible without getting delayed. The more spontaneous they work out the problem it will be helpful to the board to go ahead with other situation that are creating or having a problem.The American and the European transport system facilities had developed so quickly that the othe r countries are planning to have that type of transportation system that they do not possess. Even the metro railway transportation system is better than that of India. They provide faster and advanced transportation system to the citizens that they dont face crisis situation. Compare and contrast comes when there are disadvantages seen in the transportation system in the countries of America and European countries. (Prisma-eu, 2007)As road transportation is concerned, the board should have an organized planning. Roads and highways should be well connected to each(prenominal) and every cities, towns and villages. Road tracks should not be having traffic problems and for that professionals should direct the traffic signal operation. To control the system in the streets and roads the board should appoint police those can gratis the traffic if any problem occurs. They should be skilled well and they should be taught with different problems of the roads rules and regulation safety norm s so that they do not face any difficulty when they are in the operation. They should be provided with proper dress and the functions of the job should be distributed according to the work knowledge is concerned. railroad track is another feature of transportation .The country progress depends on this very system others are also equally valuable but the railway transportation is one of the main criteria. For long distance travel, passengers are provided with better seating as well as the sleeping arrangements along with the usefulness of food and beverages. normally the travelers those who travel in trains can provide ample time for transportation and the fare here are also low in comparison to the airlines, road and shipping. Transportation in train takes a lot of time to cover the distance that the travelers want to travel, in comparison to other faster transportation.The board of railways should provide more facilities to its customers in terms of their previous arrangement of s ervices that they have given earlier. Air transportation is receiving more customers than the railways because they are providing quicker destination service with an affordable rate. To cope with that type of facilities railways board of management taking actions of not increasing the price of the ticket and also in the service provided. The board everlastingly has to see that they do not loose its customers due to increase in the various area of transportation system. (Prisma-eu, 2006)ReferencesTrb 2006 Critical Issues in Transportation trb.org retrieved on 07.02.2008 from http//www.trb.org/ give-and-take/blurb_detail.asp?ID=5786Prisma-eu 2006 Implications of Pan-European best practice in eTransport delivery prisma-eu.comPrisma-eu 2007 eTransport 2010 vision prisma-eu.com

Harlem Renaissance Essay Example for Free

Harlem Renaissance EssayThe Harlem Renaissance was a significant event in the history of the United States of America. The Harlem Renaissance centered on the culture of African-Americans and took place at the end of the American genteel War in 1865. This era gave rise to music, machination, and literature in African-American culture.Winning the Civil War meant that African American were now free and could, at their risk, go anywhere they wanted. This is when the Great Migration all(a) started. The Great Migration was when enlarged groups of blacks moved in northern cities equivalent Chicago and refreshful York in massive numbers for jobs because the South had been victim to a crop infestation. Many of them moved particularly to a large neighborhood located in the northern section of Manhattan called Harlem, also known as the capital of black America. By this time, chances for employment and education were available for African-Americans, and many of them expected the same treatment and life the white Americans had be given.This was not to be the case when Plessy v. Ferguson case went to the Supreme Court and the decision had been held that racial segregation was constitutionally acceptable. African-Americans were heartbroken they wanted equality and all they had been given nothing close to the life of the white Americans, not even a secure environment to live. Though they did have some rights, such as, all African-American men could vote, African-Americans, all, could receive better education, and they got better jobs, but that still seemed to be not enough. African-Americans wanted to part ways with their clingy stereotypes and define themselves as something better. They wanted to be something more than just a negro. The African-Americans didnt want to be like their white suppressors, but wanted to create a new meaning to what it meant to be black.Starting in the early 1900s the African-American middle class started a push towards racial equality. W.E.B. Du Bois was the central leader of the movement. He collaborated with other African-American activists and white civil rights workers in New York to review the difficult challenges facing the African-American population. 1909 the NAACP, or National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, was found by the group working with Du Bois. This group was specifically organized to advocate civil liberties and participation for African-American rights.Although this cause was thought to be supported by all African-Americans it was not the case with Jamaica-bred Marcus Garvey. Garvey started the Back to Africa movement, which initially was him saying that he thought all African-Americans should just pack up and leave the states because they werent wel diminishd. Garvey founded the UNIA-ACL, or Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, which promoted the Back to Africa slogan. Garvey said it was to encourage African-Americans to come together and f eel pride in their roots. These groups, although not all supporting staying and fighting, helped the African-American population develop a sense of empowerment for African-Americans everywhere.The Jazz while was an explosion of African-American culture into music. Just at the end of WWI, there was an economy boost and a change in society. During this time Americans started to relax and hold in up hobbies. The Prohibition had just been ratified, although it didnt ban alcohol it made it extremely difficult to get, legally. That is when alcohol clubs, called speakeasies were created. Speakeasies gave Americans the chance to socialize with other, engage in drinking, and go against traditional culture. Some talent have even called them Modernist.There was a certain speakeasy in Harlem called the Cotton Club. Its them as the look of a orchard in the South. They only allowed African-American musicians to play there and only allowed white Americans, with some exceptions, wine and dine t here. One talented jazz musician would be Duke Ellington. Ellington was a wiz at playing the piano he actually played at the Cotton Club from for four years. His band stomped to theatricality routines in numerous shows.Forms of art gave some African-Americans a break from reality. artists painted things from African-American nightclubs, to African-American toiling in the fields. Aaron Douglas was a famous artist whose work exercised the New Negro idea. The New Negro idea correlated with Dubois idea of twoness idea, which meant the finding of ones individuality with a divided awareness of ones identity. Douglas painted murals, building, and created illustrations for many African-American books. In 1940 Douglas moved to Nashville and founded the Art Department at Fisk University and taught for twenty nine years there. Douglas said, Our problem is to conceive, develop, establish an art era. Not white art painting blacklets bare our arms and plunge them deep through laughter, through pa in, through sorrow, through hope, through disappointment, into the very depths of the souls of our race and drag forth material crude, rough, neglected. Then lets sing it, dance it, write it, paint it. Lets do the impossible.Lets create something transcendentally material, mystically objective. Earthy. Spiritually earthy. Dynamic, which means, lets make something incredible out of tragedy. Writing also became a major step forward in the Harlem Renaissance, especially since during this time most African-Americans were illiterate. African-American writers talked intimately the past of black culture. They wrote about slavery and the effects it had on society today, etc. Common themes of these books ranged from alienation, to wanting to be individual. The most famous African-American writers hold Langston Hughes, Sterling Brown, and Zora Neale Hurston, just to name a few. Zora Neale was a novelist, folklorist, and anthropologist. She believed in the motto, I want a busy life, a just mind, and a timely end.Zora wrote to extend African-American traditions and to contribute to new literature. Langston Hughes was a writer who collaborated with Hurston and other artists in his book of poetry entitled The Weary Blues. Hughes also wrote an essay called The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain, where he told people what he saw as mountains facing African-American writers. In his essay, Hughes mentions a young poet he spoke to and says how the poet wanted to be known as a poet, rather than a Negro poet, which is clearly understandable since there was still racial tension during this time.In conclusion, the Harlem Renaissance was a major event in the history in the United States of America because it brought a culture together using simple things, like music, art, and literature. If it had not been for the Harlem Renaissance, who knows what mightve happened to the African-American culture, where it mightve been at this point in time without the occurrence of the Harlem Renaissance. It brought together a race that has, over the years, been beaten, cursed at, talked about, and slaughtered for the comfort of others, and just a simple melody of a song was able to bring them closer together after being ripped apart.

Explore the presentation of revenge in Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Explore the presentation of avenge in crossroads EssayRevenge is a key motif in crossroads. It is not alone essential to understanding hamlets character, it forms the structure for the whole play, supporting and overlapping other important themes that arise. though it is settlements revenge that forms the basis for the story, furthertoned into this is the vengeance of Laertes and Fortinbras, whose situations in many ways mirror small towns own. By juxtaposing these avengers, Shakespeare draws attention to their different approaches to the job of revenge and how they resolve these. see more thantheme of revenge in hamletThe idea of revenge is first introduced by the appearance of the shadiness in act 1 Scene 5, and linked to this is the theme of cuckoos nest and the later onlife. At the end of this scene, Hamlet is irreversibly bound to revenge for the duration of the play, speak, I am bound to hear So art thou to revenge. The ghost appears with the sole aim of using his son to obtain revenge on his brother, and so every word he speaks is designed to enrage Hamlet and drive in him a desire for vengeance. He uses very emotive language to exaggerate the enormity of the crime, and he concentrates Hamlets attention on the treachery of Claudius.His description of the pip itself demonises Claudius and contains many references to original sin, the serpent that did sting thy fathers life now wears his crown. Hamlet, who has been brought up with absolute notions of correct and evil, is susceptible to these religious references, o all you host of promised land O earth And shall I couple hell? It is ironic that the ghost refers to his own torment, trapped in purgatory, in order to demonstrate to Hamlet the in on the noseice of the situation, yet this serves only to warn Hamlet of the possible consequences of revenge.Instead of enraging him, Hamlet is now wary of acting rashly or without proof as it could plaza him in a similar situation to his fat her. The other revengers in the play do not have this wariness, they act immediately without considering the spiritual consequences and it is unclear whether Hamlet would have had a similar attitude had he not been inadvertently alerted to this danger by old Hamlets ghost. Though Hamlets immediate reaction to news of his fathers collide with is one of anger and a desire for action, by the end of the scene his desire for revenge is already blunted, for a number of reasons.Unlike Laertes and Fortinbras, Hamlet receives the data of his fathers murder from a secret and unreliable source, which means that not only is he unsealed of the truth, he is forced to act out his revenge in secret. Throughout the play, Hamlet frustrates the audience with his lack of action, especially as all around him his contemporaries are visibly ta world-beater their own revenge. Fortinbras is in a similar situation to Hamlet, as his father had been murdered by old Hamlet and his land taken. The land itself is worthless and Fortinbras stands to lose more than he shtup gain yet like Hamlet it is a matter of honour.Both are exacting revenge for something that nobody else cares for or remembers a dead faggot for whom nobody grieves and a patch of worthless land. Part of Hamlets dilemma is the moral question of whether his desire for revenge is worth disrupting and endangering the lives of all those around him, whether tis nobler in the school principal to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or take arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them However, unlike Hamlet Fortinbras does not pause to speculate the idea of revenge he acts on it, sharked up a list of lawless resolutes and marched on Denmark.The difference in their characters is obvious Fortinbras character matches his name, strong in arm. He is a man of action, not of words, he has a strong presence and a commanding attitude which demands obedience, Go captain, from me greet the Danish king I will d ot my lord. Fortinbras situation is infinitely less complex than Hamlets own the boundaries surrounded by good and evil, personal and public, right and wrong, are for him, clearly defined. He is able to act openly, uninfluenced by friends and family.Hamlet on the other hand is surrounded by people who have obligations to some(prenominal) himself and the king, and is therefore unsure of whom to trust. Hamlets dilemma is founded on this that any action he takes carries with it risks and possible consequences which could destroy the foundation of his very existence, so he hesitates and does nothing, all the while hating himself for his inaction, makes us alternatively bear those ills we have than fly to others that we know not of.The problem for Hamlet is that the murder is too close to home, so he is unable(p) to define the boundaries between personal and public. He cannot publicly confront Claudius without proof because he risks losing his claim to the thrown, alienating his frie nds and family and being exiled from Denmark, as it would be seen as an attempt by the prince to come up the throne, rather than a son avenging his fathers murder. On vertex of this Hamlet hopes to avoid jeopardising his relationship with his mother, but at the similar time he wants revenge on her for her betrayal.In order to fully understand Hamlets psyche and therefore the reasoning behind his actions, it is important to understand how religion affected all aspects of life in Elizabethan times. It was believed that a person who was able to confess his sins before finale would be absolved and therefore go to heaven, but if a person were unable to do this their soul would be condemned to purgatory until they were able to confess and repent. Old Hamlets soul is in purgatory and Hamlet wants Claudius to suffer the same fate, a villain toss offs my father and for that, I his sole son do this same villain send to heaven.Why, this is hire and salary not revenge. For this reason Ham let has to wait for the opportune moment to kill Claudius, when he is drunk asleep, or in his rage, at game, a-swearing or about some act that has no relish of salvation in it. However, the other problem which religion creates is that of Hamlets own afterlife. If murder for revenge is wrong then by killing Claudius, Hamlet condemns his own soul along with that of Claudius. On the other hand, Hamlet is honour bound to exact revenge for his fathers murder, and the consequences of not doing so could be even more drastic.Even suicide offers no solution, as the dread of something after death, the undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveller returns, puzzles the will, and makes us rather bear those ills we have than fly to others we know not of. Hamlets indecisiveness is not just a result of his uncertainty about the consequences his actions will have. He is in emotional turmoil at this point in the play, and is feeling betrayed and rejected by those whom he had relied on so far in his life.His anger and frustration at his mothers behaviour is amplified by her lack of grief, and his desire for revenge at the stir up of the play is mainly fuelled by his own grief and a sense of injustice. His anger towards Claudius diminishes, as he is distracted form revenge by more immediate concerns, such as his relationships with Ophelia and with his mother. Part of Hamlets feelings of isolation stem from what he sees as betrayal by his friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and his lover Ophelia.Hamlets critical relationship with Claudius forces all terce to take sides, and decide to whom they owe the strongest allegiance. Ophelias father Polonious, Claudius right hand man, instructs her to shun Hamlet and, as his dependant she is forced to obey him. Women were viewed as property during Shakespearean times, and without a male protector her future prospects were slim. Also, the emphasis placed on family duty and loyalty was far greater, so to disobey her father would be equivalent to treason.Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were given a direct order from their king, so to disobey would actually have been treason. Added to this was their ignorance of Hamlets situation due to both Hamlet and Claudius conjuration, which meant that they were unsympathetic with Hamlets mental imbalance and obsession with old Hamlets death. Hamlet refuses to recognise the impossible situation his friends were placed in, and resents them for abandoning him when he needs them most, even though it is his feud with Claudius that has forced them to into it.Feeling betrayed, he has no compunctions in using them to further his own gains. All three are, ultimately, fatalities of Hamlets vendetta against Claudius, as Hamlet brings about the deaths of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and drives Ophelia to madness and suicide. Ophelia especially is very much a victim, as in obeying her father she loses Hamlet, and when Hamlet kills Polonious she loses him as well. With Laertes away, she has no-one left to protect her and is very much alone.In many ways, Hamlet himself is a victim of revenge, as he employ as a tool by his father, to instigate revenge against old Hamlets killer. By placing this obligation on Hamlet, on top of all his emotional instability, Old Hamlet effectively pushes his son over the edge and renders him incapable of decisiveness. It is unsurprising that Hamlet is unable to take revenge or in fact make any significant decisions, as he is under considerable emotional and mental strain. Laertes is in a similar situation, as Hamlet his friend has murdered his father and driven his sister to madness.His vulnerable state of mind makes it easy for Claudius to use him as a tool against Hamlet, so the both friends become instruments in the power struggle between the two brothers, a struggle which crosses the divide between life and death. Laertes situation resembles Hamlet in other ways. They are joined by their love for Ophelia, Hamlet as a lover and L aertes as a brother. When Laertes returns to find his father murdered, he faces the same dilemma that Hamlet originally had in that, as far as he knew, the king of Denmark had murdered his father.Unlike Hamlet who promptly chose to employ pretence in order to combat Claudiuss deceit, when Laertes discovers this he immediately confronts Claudius. By doing this he achieves his revenge far sooner than Hamlet, but consequently becomes a tool for Claudius against Hamlet. These two revengers differ in their approach to revenge, but ultimately they come to the same end. They both fall victim to the corruption that surrounds the court of Denmark, with Claudius at the centre. Claudius use of deceit throughout the play hides the truth under a veil of dishonesty.Claudius uses other people as tools to achieve his aims, so if they fail he escapes the brunt. He uses Polonious, he uses the king of Norway against Fortinbras, and finally he uses Laertes against Hamlet himself. His corrupting influe nce means that nobody in Denmarck knows the truth, and Hamlets only attempt to break this veil of deceit causes the death of Polonious instead of Claudius. In act 3 scene 3, Shakespeare uses the curtain concealing Polonious as a metaphor for the corruption surrounding Denmark, making it impossible for Hamlet to take revenge as he is unaware of the truth.Though Hamlet tries to cut through the curtain, he fails and ends up killing the wrong man. This shows him that it is no good trying to confront the problem, he must remove the cloak of deceit and reveal Claudius for what he truly is before he can take his revenge. Though Hamlet tries to get around this problem by being deceitful himself, and Laertes tries to confront the problem face on, both end up being used as weapons in a fight that kills them both. The ending of the play is very satisfying despite, or perhaps because of, the deaths of nearly all the characters.For a neat ending, it was prerequisite that all the characters achi eve their revenge, and as there were so many intertwining strands of revenge, it was inevitable that a large proportion of characters would be killed. The play ends with a new beginning, as the corruption at the heart of Denmark dies with Claudius and Hamlet. Hamlet succeeded in taking revenge on Claudius and revealing the truth about his character, and Laertes succeeded in killing Hamlet but died in the process. All this clears the way for Fortinbras, who we see is far more suited to leadership than the indecisive Hamlet.Fortinbras was more successful in his revenge than Hamlet and Laertes for a number of reasons. He is not held back by the dilemma that freezes Hamlet of having to choose between betraying his fathers trust or losing the throne and alienating everyone he loves. Hamlet is held back by his proximity to Claudius and the situation, whereas Fortinbras is free to act uninfluenced by the people around him. Another factor in Fortinbras favour is that, unlike both Hamlet and Laertes, Fortinbras made the decision to take revenge alone, so it was entirely his responsibility.Revenge has to be nurtured in Hamlet and Laertes, and both are used as tools in the ongoing feud between the two brothers. Fortinbras is a man of action, and doesnt waste time pondering the philosophy behind the revenge mentality, as Hamlet does. And unlike Laertes, he plans and organises his revenge, he doesnt rush straight into confrontation unprepared. In fact, he represents the best qualities of both of them, so it is fitting that it is he who emerges with not only his life, but the throne of Denmark to go with it.

Pros And Cons Of The Cruise Industry

Pros And Cons Of The canvass laborIt is im haloant to appreciate the size and scope of the sheet industry before discussing the issues and challenges associated with it. This paper provides an overview of the travel industry, paint players, growth, recent trends and developments and informs on the primaeval impacts and effects that this fast growing canvass industry has on its cultures, communities, the waterways, passengers and the environment., It further analyzes the economic, social, cultural, health, safety, environment and taxation attributes of the sail business and discusses twain the positive and as well as the negative aspects of cruise touristry. The cruise industry provides economic and other benefits to the destinations, from the tourists expenditures and ships operational purchases to the taxation benefits for the communities in those destinations. It gives satisfaction and remainder to the cruise passengers which results in profits for the cruise companies. At the same time, there argon many negatives and a consequence of which atomic number 18 significant and seriously damage to those same destinations, communities and the environment. This paper will as well provide a balanced snapshot of the industry and risquelight several key concerns and provide recommendations towards simplification their negative impact and with a future of more than controlled and sustainable cruise trading operations. It should be noted that there is not one single cure-it-all solution to what is a very complex problem, but it is believed that more assertive transnational policies and legislations that can be enforced are a big part of the answer. sail Industry OverviewThe cruise ship industry is the fastest growing segment in the travel industry and has had an annual growth rate of 8.0% since 1980. Just imagine just about 339 active cruise ships with well over 10.9 million gross tons and about 296,000 beds.1In 2007, the worldwide cruise passengers g rew to 12.9 million. According to the travel Industry melodic theme 2012 by the Florida Caribbean canvas Association2, the 2011 passenger number was over 16 million, of which 11.2 million originated in North America. The forecasted numbers for 2012 forecast was 17.0 million worldwide, with the preferred destination beingness the Caribbean. The cruise lines continue to add new ships and exciting options to ensure continued growth. Todays ships offer a new generation of dizzying onboard innovations, including surf pools, planetariums, on-deck LED mental picture screens, golf simulators, water parks, self-leveling billiard tables, multi-room villas with private pools and in-suite Jacuzzis, ice skating rinks, rock climbing walls, bungees and trampolines. With all of this luxury and increase in passengers numbers, the impact and the challenges in such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) areas as economic, socio-cultural, environmental, safety and security and taxation are a major co ncern.Economic EffectsThese economic benefits arise from five principal sources 1) spending by cruise passengers and crew 2) the shore-side staffing for their local offices, marketing and tour operations 3) expenditures for goods and work necessary for cruise operations 4) spending by the cruise lines for port services and 5) expenditures for the maintenance. According to CLIA, the economic impact of the U.S cruise industry from 2005 to 2006 resulted in expenditures of $35.7 billion in gross output, a 10% increase, which generated 348,000 jobs and paid out $14.7 billion in salaries. It should be noted that accommodation of large cruise ships in ports require a great deal of initial capital investment in stem and maintenance lives, which is absorbed eagerly by the host port, not by the cruise line. It is recommended that to create a more balanced port development the cruise companies should contribute financially towards the local infrastructure costs, and also put a pa character on increasing the size of new ships to allow the existing ports to relieve welcome new ships without incurring additional rebuild costs.Impact of Powerful journey CompaniesThree main cruise lines, Carnival, Royal Caribbean and Star/NCL control or so 35% of cruise vessels, with Carnival controlling 22% of that 35% alone.3If one adds to it the growth rate of 8% annually, the net result is that the above three cruise companies exert a lot of power globally. Cruise business has travel a r levelue and profit churning machine and this is often with the exclusion or restriction of local providers. Arguably, cruise lines benefit the most from the activities associated with the passengers both onboard and off-board. in that respect are minimal profits for the providers of local tourism services as cruise lines obtain all income from items sold on board such as souvenirs, rental of aquatic equipment, food and beverages, leaving the local tour operator with microscopical profit. Tourism service providers also commence to pay for promotion on board videos, brochures and booths. A booth can costs up to U.S. $16,500.4Other income comes from fancy islands, cruise lines private island property and once again reducing the economic benefit to impacted communities. The cruise industry also has a strong lobbying chemical group to push for policy and legal decisions in their favor and during the period from1997 to 2007, the Cruise Line International Association spent US$10 million on lobbying the U.S Congress. They try their hardest to avoid or minimize paying local taxes. For example, many of their ships go under the flags of convenience, Liberia, Bahamas and Panama and cross international borders, where they are exempted from paying authentic destination taxes and pollution fees, and where it is difficult for the local jurisdictions to enforce these payments. This causes the local hotels to get angry as they are obligated to pay such taxes and it makes them less priva te-enterprise(a) and profitable than the cruise lines. One suggestion is for a new international standard where cruise ships are obligated to pay a local port tax and economic development contribution based on the size of the ship and number of passengers, payable while in port.Environmental EffectsCruise ships generate a number of waste streams that affect the marine environment, for example, sewage, graywater, hazardous wastes, oily bilge water, ballast water, solid waste and also emits air pollutants to the air and water. These environmental costs are significant but incalculable given that the cruise ship industry is largely unregulated. As an example, b privationwater and graywater generate 15,000 to 30,000 gallons per day for a ship with 3,000 passengers, and 24% of vessel solid waste worldwide comes from cruise ships. Unfortunately, the few regulations that are there are not always successful enforced. In 1999 Royal Caribbean paid a fine of US$18million for discharging oily b ilge water in Alaska, the same amount was paid by Carnival Cruise Line in 2002 for dumping oily waste from five ships, and still not much has changed. Cruise ships have a positive image of glamour, even though they only represent a small percentage of the entire shipping industry worldwide, and because of this their environmental impacts are tolerated and continue to be unregulated.LeAna B. Gloors article on cruise tourism impact on Hilo in Hawaii5illustrates the social, physical and environmental concerns. She states that while Hawaii is benefiting economically at unprecedented levels, it is also being impacted negatively on the environmental side of things at unprecedented levels. She advocates for a stronger legislation, more aggressive enforcement and more bills such as the Clean Cruise Ship Act.Social and Cultural EffectsInteractions between resident and cruise passengers can have positive effects but at the same time, high frequency and density of cruise activities can restric t the available space for local residents and push them to adopt different moral and cultural standards. There are often negative reactions from the residents triggered by the cruise tourism in small ports, where the ratio of cruise tourists to inhabitants is high, in places such as Aruba, Antigua, Barbuda or Dominica. This leads to local resentment, overcrowding and lack of services such as taxis, beach space and available seats in restaurants on the cruise days, or lack of demand, and no work on the days when cruise ships are not in port. This differs for ports such as Miami, Barcelona and European destinations, where the number of cruise visitors ratio is small compared to other tourists and local residents. another(prenominal) negative is that ships with flags of convenience have questionable labour and work safety standards and with no legal minimum wage enforced. Past efforts to have this changed by organizations such as the ITWF have failed. It is recommended that standard mi nimum wage, work hours and days of rest for cruise ship workers are established and enforced internationally.Health and DiseasesA number of recent studies have focused on the health risks and disease directly attributable to cruise ships with their high concentration of people from different countries. One such study6looked at the risks and diseases caused by contaminated water and it showed that their water supply is very different from the water supplies on land. . The risks of contamination were much higher overdue to the way it was sourced during loading and also the dispersal on the cruise ship. The authors reviewed 21 documented outbreaks of mobile diseases from various vessels and it was discovered that the bulk of the outbreaks were on cruise ships. just about other risk factors involved already contaminated water from the port to the ship and contamination in their storage tanks, which could be a result of unretentive maintenance and lack of disinfectants. The recommend ations include the need for hygienic and a better comprehensive system to handling of their water supply from source to consumption. This may be achieved in the future by the adoption of improved Water Safety Plans that cover the overall design of the water storage tanks, better internal operations and regular inspection and maintenance. Another study7of waterborne diseases on cruise ships concluded that the overall decrease of gastroenteritis over a 10 year period prior to 1986 was directly attributable to the improved enforcement of the Vessel Sanitation Program (VSP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Another study8from 2006 involved 43 outbreaks of Norocomputer virus on 13 vessels. It is a known fact that cruise ship holidays create an environment where Norovirus spreads easily, so it was recommended that an active reporting system could function as an aboriginal warning sign, but more importantly steps must be taken to implement internationally accepted rules and guidelines for reporting, investigating, and controlling Norovirus and other diseases on cruise ships. A Los Angeles Times headline, February 4, 2012 stated Florida cruise ships riddled with Norovirus. Anyone surprised?Safety and SecurityAfter the terrorist attacks on New Yorks World Trade Center, cruise link tourism became one of the safest ways to experience foreign travel. Yet, as P. Tarlow indicates in his rather somber study on cruise risks9, that cruising is not immune to dangers ranging from virus outbreaks to terrorism to accidents. He lists a number of major disasters, terrorist attacks, robberies and on-board assaults to demonstrate his point. Cruise tourism can as well lead to incidents where the ship can become a trap, as the recent examples of the Costa Concordia grounding and Carnivals ship engine fire and subsequent stranding of passengers for several days at sea.TaxationThere are no common standards in the application of port taxes to cruises. Some ports charge levy that is reasonable, some excessive. Some ships pay, some do not. Another unresolved postal service is that the cruise lines are continually allowed to operate under the flags of convenience (FAO), usually, Panama, Bahamas and Liberia. This allows them to be exempt from multiple tax responsibilities, it is easier for them to have lenient standards of safety, they undergo few environmental inspections, their operating costs are lower, and they recruit staff without adhering to international regulations. The most obvious is Panama, where the ship pays for each passenger landing in Panama, which further encourages the use the Panama FAO.10A good recommendation would be to adopt an internationally binding comprehensive policy and standards related to taxes, fees, and as well address key areas of staff, passenger safety, and the ships environmental responsibilities. Only then can we have a more sustainable, controlled development and operations of cruise lines where rules are adher ed to rather than avoided.ConclusionThere is no question that cruise ships bring money to local businesses and to the operators. However, ensuring the sustainable development of a cruise destination and the environment comes with very high cost which the cruise lines must be a part of. The major players in this highly consolidated cruise industry have to take a more proactive and self- policing measures to ensure a sustainable future for cruise tourism while preserving cruise destinations and cruise waterways. The onus as well needs to be on the port communities, as on one hand, there are some decision makers that pressure for more cruise tourism, but there is much no policy at the local government level to control the impacts of such activity. The cruise industry will not be going extraneous anytime soon, so it is more important to improve the situation that is not balanced or sustainable. Ports need the cruise ships as much as the cruise ships need the ports, the waterways need to be maintained in a more sustainable way, the cruise workers need fair employment standards and the local population needs to have a voice in the local planning for the impacts of tourism. With the continued growth of the cruise industry now is the time to create new set of international policies and rules that are binding for all participants. This essay discussed some of the key pros and cons of cruising and offered some recommendations for improvement towards a more balanced, sustainable growth. More research needs to be done, more data needs to be collected, and more engagement from all involved parties is needed. There is much to do.Work CitedBrida, J., Zapata-Aguirre, S. (2008). The impacts of the cruise industry on tourism destinations. Retrieved from http//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1298403Brida, J., Zapata-Aguirre, S. (2009). Cruise tourism Economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. nternational Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 1, Retr ieved from http//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1332619Chin, C. (2008). Cruising in the global economy. Retrieved from http//books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=pw3GGaY84akCoi=fndpg=PR9dq=relatedJzINeoWcSTMJscholar.google.com/ots=29X-WtBHnHsig=ivsupSeYhJmVT5hTOROibMm8EVoDaniels, N., Karpati, A. (2000). Travelers diarrhea at sea Three outbreaks of waterborne enterotoxigenic escherichia coli on cruise ships. 4, Retrieved from http//jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/181/4/1491.shortDowling, R. Cruise ship tourism. Retrieved from http//books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=gZ3_28wi_UkCoi=fndpg=PA3dq=cruiseEbersold, W. (2004). Cruise industry in figures. Business Briefing Global Cruise, Retrieved from http//www.touchbriefings.com/pdf/858/ACF7B5.pdfFlorida-Caribbean Cruise Association (2012). Cruise Industry Overview 2012 State of the Cruise Industry. Pembroke Pines, Florida.Gloor, L. (2005). Riding tourisms new wave Evaluating the cruise industrys impact in hilo . Retrieved from http //hilo.hawaii.edu/academics/hohonu/documents/Vol04x14RidingTourismsNewWave.pdfRoon, R. (2004). A review of outbreaks of waterbourne disease associated with ships. 119, Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1497646/pdf/15219801.pdfTarlow, P. (2012). Cruise risks, threats and dangers A theory. 1, Retrieved from http//wscholars.com/index.php/ajtr/article/view/107Verhoef, L., Boxman, I. (2008). Emergence of new norovirus variants on spring cruise ships and prediction of winter epidemics. 14, Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600213Wu , B. (2005). The world cruise industry A write of the global labour market. Retrieved from http//www.sirc.cf.ac.uk/uploads/publications/WorldCruiseIndustry.pdf

An analysis of The Communist Manifesto

An analysis of The communist ManifestoKarl Marx was born in the early 19th carbon in Germany, where he received his degree in rectitude and philosophy. Shortly after completing university, with his ever growing anti-bourgeois sentiment (Zott, 2006) he found he could no broader believe in the German raising system. He turned to journalism where he developed his radical ideas, ultimately he was forced out of Germany, and he soon enthused onto come along developing his studies. Marx met his long life friend Fredrick Engels who both had published significant work that questi wizd the existing European socio- scotch system. Fredrick himself observed firsthand the exploitation of blue collar workers under the rule class in factories, as his father sent him to represent their family in its textile business. Upon meeting in 1844 both found common ground in one and others studies, they began to develop their intellectual partnership, and they came about writing The Communist Manifesto in 1848. Karl Marx is generally considered the prime writer, though some would say it is difficult to brook where Marx work begins and where Engels work ends.The political manuscript was written at a time of political upheaval, where they witnessed revolutions, coups and rebellions. Marx was present during the European revolutions of 1848 which started in France. Its 160th anniversary The Communist Manifesto is still relevant till this day, Marx and Engels principles and their ideas of with child(p)ism resemble the restless, anxious and competitive world of 20th century global economy (Cohan, 2000). Economists and political scientists melodic phrase how the manifesto recognized the unstoppable wealth-creating power of capitalism, and predicted it would conquer the world, and warned that this inevitable globalization of national economies and cultures would pretend divisive and painful consequences (Zott, 2006) which is indicative of the texts relevance.Summary of main ideasThe c ommutation premise of The Communist Manifesto can be deduced from Marxs famous generalization The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggle (Marx and Engels,1848) in which essentially Marx is stating that class is the defining feature of the modern industrial society. While the modern society has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society this has non done off with the clash antagonisms.(Marx and Engels, 1848) Marx is arguing that in the earlier periods society was arranged into complicated class structures such as in medieval times there were feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices and serfs. For Marx, he believed class struggle still exists save in this epoch modern class antagonism has become simplified into two classes, the bourgeoisie as the oppressor and proletariat as the oppressed who ar in constant opposition to each other.The manifesto then goes on to state the characteristics of both classes, which is marked by a n exploitative relationship amidst the bourgeoisie and the proletarians. The bourgeoisie are the product of several revolutions, the owners of the means of production who digest gained momentum with the age of exploration. Marx describes the proletarians as a class of labourers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labour increases capital (Marx and Engels,1848) proletarians are essentially reduced to becoming a commodity. Marx then proceeds to argue that the division of labour has exploited proletarians where they have been stripped of their identity ascribable to the advent of extensive machinery and so man becomes an appendage of the machine. The workers are powerless to change their circumstance and as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases. This system of oppression is sustained by institutions such as the education system (which is part of the superstructure) which reinforces ruling class values. For example, the concept of a vague curriculum (Blacks Academy, 2010) in educational establishments, whereby everything is designed to prepare students for the future status as a powerless worker. The education institution is designed to benefit the bourgeoisie and uphold the capitalist system, i.e. the hidden curriculum.Marx then discusses how the development of the industry has increased the proletarians strength, the growing competition among the bourgeois, and the resulting commercial crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating (Marx and Engels 1848). As theres more of them they are strong enough to unite and voice their struggles over reduced wages. By forming trade unions they stick together to demand to keep up the rate of wages. Marx further argues the larger the union the bigger chance of them changing the system workers are victorious. Although their struggle for equality doesnt lie in the short term effect it lies in the ever-expanding union of the workers. However, t he bourgeoisie try to split the proletarians so they are not united and cannot revolt, as a revolution is the only way in which their chance can be changed. This can be substantiated by the fact that Marx says continually being upset by competition between the workers. Marx also describes the process of domination, in that to oppress a class, certain conditions of its slavish existence need to exist, and the essential condition for the existence, and for the sway of the bourgeois class, is the formation and augmentation of capital. (Marx and Engels, 1848)CriticismsThe fall of the bourgeoisie and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable (Marx and Engels, 1848). Despite Marx and Engels principles and ideas that the proletarians will overthrow the bourgeoisie, a century on and yet workers in the UK and other industrial societies have not eradicate and revolted against capitalism. Ralf Dahrendorfs studies point out why the Marxist revolution hasnt come about over the 20th century. In 1959 Dahrendorf pointed out four reasons why.The first one was The fragmentation of the capitalist class (Dahrendorf 2005) he suggested that previously the means of productions would typically be owned privately by families, now in the 20th century companies and property are greatly owned by stockholders. Secondly, white collar work and a rising standard of living (Dahrendorf, 2005) has transformed Marxs industrial proletariat. Workers in Marxs time laboured either on farms or in factories. They had blue collar or manual occupations lower standing jobs involving mostly physical labour. at once they hold white collar occupation, higher-prestige work involving mostly mental activity for instance job roles of such sales, management, and bureaucratic organisations. However, they still perform monotonous tasks manage the industrial workers in Marx time, but evidence indicates that these workers see their positions higher than those of their grandparents who led blue collars lifestyles. Thirdly, a more extensive worker organisation exists in which workers have organisational strengths, which they were deficient in a century ago. They have Trade unions where they come together and make demands backed with intimidation of working to rule and the relationship between labour and management are usually institutionalised and peaceful. Finally, more extensive legal protections have been more supportive to protect workers rights and has given workers better admission to the courts.Dahrendorf also states that regardless of persistent social stratification, many societies have smoothed out some of capitalisms rough moldings-and social conflict today maybe less unrelenting than it was a century ago. (Dahrendorf, 2005) Whats more, he argues that despite Marx having witnessed the augmentation of the mass press in his time, however he could hardly have predicted what a major impact media forms would have on us. The Growth of music, mass film, and mediated society has allowed us to amuse ourselves to death and become media-saturated with entertainment which has led people to lose their critical edge for thinking about the nature of their class positions. (Postman, 1986)Max Weber also criticised some of Marxs ideas. In particular, he considered Marxs model of two social classes as besides simple. Weber viewed social stratification as a more complex interplay of three district dimensions (Weber, 2005) the dimensions being class, status and power. Marx believed that social status and power derived from economic position therefore he didnt find any reason to see it as district dimensions of social inequality. Weber opposed, as he recognised that stratification in industrial societies does have characteristically low status uniformity, individuals may have high rank on one dimension of society but a lesser position to another, for example, an bureaucratic official, may have power but in another dimension in society have minute wealth.AnalysisIn spite of all the criticisms aimed at Marx and his work, the communist manifesto remains an extremely influential piece of literature and as a rump for society. His ideas have lent inspiration to revolutions, coups and political systems, but sadly they have not been sustained, for example the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The USSR was based on a communist system, yet it failed and capitalism moved into the vacuum. (BBC News, 2010)

A Good Neighbor Essay -- Public Relations Essays

A redeeming(prenominal) Neighbor When it came time to write a Presentation paper for my Comm 235 course on a companys ordinary traffic program, I was able to write on the one Ive played a trace role in developing for my company. Needless to say, I liked the chance to brag a little. U.S. concourse, Inc. is a general contractor managing residential, commercial, and road social system projects across South Carolina. In a field not known for having respectable community transaction, U.S. Group has developed a public relations program to go the public informed about its five multi-million dollar road construction projects State Route 802 in Beaufort, the interchange of U.S. Route 378 and I-26 in Columbia, College Park course in Ladson, State Route 219 in Newberry, and the interchange of U.S. Route 17-A and I-26 in Summerville. The companys public relations program centers around three approaches postulate public communications, media commu nications, and the use of the Internet to supplement its public and media communications, and is overseen by an on-staff public relations specialist working out of the companys Lowcountry regional slip in Summerville. With a background in advertising, political, and Internet communication, Earl Capps, the companys public relations specialist, manages the companys public and media communications program. Greg Cook, the companys Lowcountry regional Manager, describes the program as part of the companys Good Neighbor philosophy towards community relations, whose objective at to keep the public to a greater extent informed, reduce conflicts by being more pro-active in the release of information, and modify the image of U.S. Group (Cook).Direct public communications ... ...ys Austin (Austin). While U.S. Groups approach to public relations may not but be the norm in the road construction industry, the motoring public tooshie rest assured the company remains committed to its public relations program as part of its Good Neighbor philosophy. SOURCES CITEDAustin, Robin. South Carolina Department of Transportation, concern Engineering office. Email interview on 20 June 2003. Capps, Earl. Media Coordinator, U.S. Group, Inc. Personal narrative. Cook, Greg, P.E. Regional Manager, U.S. Group, Inc. Email interviews on 19 June 2003, and follow-up in-person interview on 20 June 2003. Hicks, Jim. Chairman, Beaufort County Planning Commission. Email interview on 17 June 2003. RCIO Road reflection Information Online. http//www.collegeparkroad.com, http//www.sc802.com, and other project websites. U.S. Group, Inc. A Good Neighbor Essay -- Public Relations EssaysA Good Neighbor When it came time to write a Presentation paper for my Comm 235 course on a companys public relations program, I was able to write on the one Ive played a key role in developing for my company. Needless to say, I liked the opportunity to brag a little . U.S. Group, Inc. is a general contractor managing residential, commercial, and road construction projects across South Carolina. In a field not known for having good community relations, U.S. Group has developed a public relations program to keep the public informed about its five multi-million dollar road construction projects State Route 802 in Beaufort, the interchange of U.S. Route 378 and I-26 in Columbia, College Park Road in Ladson, State Route 219 in Newberry, and the interchange of U.S. Route 17-A and I-26 in Summerville. The companys public relations program centers around three approaches direct public communications, media communications, and the use of the Internet to supplement its public and media communications, and is overseen by an on-staff public relations specialist working out of the companys Lowcountry regional office in Summerville. With a background in advertising, political, and Internet communication, Earl Capps, the companys pub lic relations specialist, manages the companys public and media communications program. Greg Cook, the companys Lowcountry Regional Manager, describes the program as part of the companys Good Neighbor philosophy towards community relations, whose objective at to keep the public more informed, reduce conflicts by being more pro-active in the release of information, and improve the image of U.S. Group (Cook).Direct public communications ... ...ys Austin (Austin). While U.S. Groups approach to public relations may not yet be the norm in the road construction industry, the motoring public can rest assured the company remains committed to its public relations program as part of its Good Neighbor philosophy. SOURCES CITEDAustin, Robin. South Carolina Department of Transportation, Traffic Engineering office. Email interview on 20 June 2003. Capps, Earl. Media Coordinator, U.S. Group, Inc. Personal narrative. Cook, Greg, P.E. Regional Manager, U.S. Group, Inc. Email inter views on 19 June 2003, and follow-up in-person interview on 20 June 2003. Hicks, Jim. Chairman, Beaufort County Planning Commission. Email interview on 17 June 2003. RCIO Road Construction Information Online. http//www.collegeparkroad.com, http//www.sc802.com, and other project websites. U.S. Group, Inc.

Monetary/fiscal Policy :: essays research papers

Monetary/Fiscal PolicyGovernment monetary and fiscal policies change solely the time. These policies beinstalled or fixed for the betterment of trade, inflation, unemployment, thebudget, or many other economic factors. In my opinion, it seems like two peoplehave the majority of the run when it comes to forming these policies. Thefirst person who influences these policies is President Bill Clinton whoproposes tax cuts, to residual the budget (Clintons budget proposal should begiven to congress soon), minimum wage increases, or other legislation to improvethe economy. The second person who influences policy is the Federal ReserveBoard Chairman Alan Greenspan who can truly destroy our economy by a slightmiscalculation. Greenspan is so influential that the mere speculation of hismaking a move can cause panic buying or merchandising in the open markets. AlanGreenspan has the power to increase or decrease the money supply by changingreserve requirements, by changing the discount rate, or by buying or selling U.S.Securities over the open market.The major governmental problem is trying to balance the budget. The UnitedStates government is currently in debt $5,262,697,717,000 as of February 7. Thisnumber grows about $10,000 per second(see charts 2,3,and 7). President Clinton,Chairman Greenspan, and Congress are all working towards a balanced budget bythe year 2002. As many economists explain , the need is for legislation to keepthe budget balanced for years to come and not look for a quick fix to balancethe budget for only a few months to quiet critics. The government takes stepsconstantly to balance the budget economists say that the chances of inking adeal this year are better than ever.President Clinton has currently proposed an mangleer of $100 billion in tax cutsthrough 2002. These cuts are aimed at giving relief to middle branch citizens.A few of his other proposals include $500.00 child tax credit, tax deductionfor post high school education, increasing th e limits of individual retirementaccounts, and riddance of the capital gains tax. Despite these cuts, hestill believes a balanced budget will be achieved by the year 2002.Greenspan, in an effort to shave billions of dollars off the deficit, explainedto Congress that they are overpaying Social Security recipients. Greenspanstestimony sets the stage to successfully balance the budget. His reasoningbehind these allegations is that the cost of living is overstated and he is urge on Congress to correct the problem which would affect inflation, grossnational product, and the budget.InflationThe fourth quarter results have been calculated and the economy is in greatshape.